Classification involves putting things into groups. Announcement of Field Study

Here is a really EASY CLASSIFICATION worksheet 
As well as an exercise in Dichotomous keys involving sharks WORKSHEET AND KEY

These exercises are in preparation for you do to some classification based on your observations of a natural area nearby.  We will begin to embark on field study soon and preparing a dichotomous key is part of the skill of surveying a natural area.


FIELD STUDY: SPECIES INVENTORY OF A PACIFIC WEST COAST RAIN FOREST
Our class will be conducting a field study at Central Park.  Please fill out the online consent form
and have parents submit their signatures on a paper form to be handed in by September 27.  We will meet up at 10am for attendance

Lab 1: Observe Biological Specimens and infer adaptations

Today we will practice drawing biological specimens.  For each specimen


Make a drawing of each specimen

Skeleton 1
Skeleton 2
Skeleton 3

bush with brown hairs - labrador tea
bush with shiny leaves - kalmia


polytrichum moss - under the microscope under low power
Sundew - small plant with red on its leaves
cranberry - tiny vine


1.  Half of a page
2.  Draw slowly and carefully
3.  Identify the correct kingdom of the specimen
a.  write some of the adaptations of this organism.  Adaptations are characteristics or behaviours which help an organism survive and reproduce in the environment
b.  write about how this organism may be similar to two other specimens
c.  write about how this organism is different from two other specimens

4.  Identify one omnivore heterotroph in this sample

5.  Identify at least one herbivore heterotroph

6.  Identify at least two carnivores in this sample.

Limits of Cell Size

Cell size has limits because cells use their membranes to take in nutrients
by diffusion.As cells get bigger, their volume cannot diffuse fast enough to
feed every part of them.

When cells reach their limit, they divide by these two steps
1. replicating their DNA
2. Cytokinesis - splitting apart into two cells

Eukaryotes divide by MITOSIS
Prokaryotes divide by BINARY FISSION

Organisms can be UNICELLULAR - made of one cell
Or they can be MULTICELLULAR - made of many cells connected together

What is a Eukaryote?
- A Eukaryote is an organism whose cells HAVE A NUCLEUS.  That is, Its DNA
is located within a NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
- An example of a UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTE is a protozoan like an amoeba
- Examples of a MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES
            Animals, Plants, Fungi, Seaweed (algae)
            EU are a EUKARYOTE!!!!!

What is a Prokaryote?
- A Prokaryote is an organism which is UNICELLULAR and HAS NO NUCLEUS.  Its
DNA is simply floating around in the cytoplasm.
- Examples of prokaryotes are ALL BACTERIA

EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS are constantly replenishing their cells
your cells are dividing and dying and replacing themselves.  Most of your human cells have completely turned over in ten years.

TAXONS are GROUPINGS, or CATEGORIES.
the more GENERAL THE TAXON, the bigger it is.  Like russian dolls, smaller taxons into larger ones.

Example of taxons

big taxons
WEST VANCOUVER SCHOOL DISTRICT
VSB
BURNABY SCHOOL DISTRICT

UNDER VSB , smaller taxons
JO,  Killarney, Gladstone,  DT, Churchill, Hamber, Point Grey, PW, Kits, Templetone, Windermere


UNDER GLADSTONE
Science dept,  Music Dept, Modern Languages

Under Music Dept
Band, Choir, Uke and Guitar, Vocal Jazz


Under Vocal Jazz
EMet, Merick, plus sixty others who sing.  Mr Braverman -- smallest taxon

In biology, under the previous classification system, the taxons are

KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

KIND PEOPLE CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP

BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
- Organisms are classified in the same taxon based on how related they are by evolution.
- All of life descended from a common ancestor but some life is more closely
related than others.

BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION
- Similarity in DNA can determine how closely you are related to something
- similarity in enzymes in the mitochondria - the enzyme cytochrome C is involved in
cell respiration.

HETEROTROPH - cannot photosynthesize.  all animals are heterotrophs
AUTOTROPH - can photosynthesize, all plants are autotrophs

5 kingdoms of life
ANIMALIA - Eukaryotic multicellular HETEROTROPH with no cell walls.

PLANTAE - Eukaryotic multicellular AUTOTROPH with cellulose cell walls

FUNGI  -  Eukaryotic multicellular HETEROTROPH with cell walls of chitin

PROTISTA - Unicellular Eukaryote.  Some are heterotroph, some autotroph

MONERA - Unicellular Prokaryote.  Some are heterotroph, some autotroph.

Study Questions

Notes:
In today's lesson we looked at how the cell performs the following basic functions
The cell
1.   takes in nutrients
2.  generates energy through cell respiration
3.  protects itself from harm

Nutrient intake is by diffusion -  These are glucose, amino acids, lipids, minerals and water

The cell's principal source of energy is ATP or Adenosine triphosphate.  This molecule is used up every time anything inside the cell moves.  When the molecule is used, it turns into ADP or Adenosine diphosphate.

An example of a pancreatic cell undergoing cell processes

A pancreatic cell takes in nutrients.
It's DNA provides the recipe for Insulin
Ribosomes read the recipe in the form of RNA and make Insulin
The cell exports insulin

The energy in the pancreatic cell happens in the mitochondria
The mitochondria takes in oxygen and glucose and makes carbon dioxide and water.
ADP goes to the mitochondria to transform into ATP.

ATP helps everything in that cell move.


1. Why is the mitochondria so important?
2.  What is the equation for cellular respiration?
3.  What does ADP stand for?
4  What is ATP?
5.  How does ADP turn into ATP?
6.  What types of nutrients do cells take in?
7.  In a mammal, what part of the pancreatic cell
a. provides the recipe for insulin?
b.  makes the insulin?
c.  makes the energy for making insulin?

Biology 11

1.  What are the eight criteria to life? Hint: The first one is that everything is made of cells.  What are the other seven which we discussed in class?

2.  Fire resembles living things, yet it is not living. 
a. What can fire do that makes it seem alive?
b.  What forms of energy come from fire?
c.  Why is it not alive?
d.  What is the combustion reaction? Is it endothermic or exothermic?

3. All cells do Cellular respiration.  
a. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
b.  What organ systems support cellular respiration?
c.  Is this an endothermic or exothermic reaction?