How Evolutionary Change occurs

 notes on

How evolutionary change occurs

ASSIGNMENT: 15 marks 

1. WRITE A SUMMARY OF HOW SPECIATION OCCURS, from the notes above  WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.  5 marks
Review THE BIRD video on the steps of speciation and take notes on this, outlining the steps 5 marks 

2.  NEXT, write a summary of the human evolution video.     5 marks 
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/video/human-origin-101/







Here's the crash course describing Darwin's journey on the Beagle

Introduction to Evolutions: Homologous and Analogous traits

 These are your intro notes on evolution, 

Vertebrate Skulls

 

  

Next we will. introduce the idea of  Using Dichotomous Keys to help identify things. 

We will use this key to do a lab on identifying mammalian skulls.  Be careful with these skulls!  They are very fragile.  We will take two periods to complete this lab.

CLASS NOTES: 
STUDY QUESTIONS TODAY:


1.  What is meant by the word "Adaptation"?
2.  Skull adaptations for predators/prey include the placement of the eyes.  Explain why eye socket anatomy is different in predator vs prey.  Give examples
3.  What teeth do predators have compared to prey?
4.  How are the skulls HOMOLOGOUS TRAITS?  What is a homologous trait?


IDENTIFICATION LAB:

Purpose:
1.  To identify a set of mammalian skulls and determine whether the animal is a predator or prey
2.  Demonstrate an ability to use a dichotomous key
3.  Draw each specimen and demonstrate your ability to observe using the skill of drawing.
4. Make conclusions about what animal this might be.  note that one of the specimens does not clearly fit the key exactly. Just try your best to identify it. 

For each specimen: 10 marks per specimen:
1.  Make a half page drawing where you measure and label parts     
5 marks - your color drawing is in ink, and  half a page and every part is labeled, and you have measured it in cm
3-4 marks, drawing is not in colour, it is in pencil, or less than half a page or some parts not labeled.  or you did not measure, or it is a rushed drawing
1-2 marks - it is incomplete

2.  observe the eye sockets and the teeth and conclude whether the skull belongs to a predator or prey
3 marks - you explain yourself very clearly and give your reasons and they seem logical
2 marks - your reasons are logical
1 - you are correct and need to provide more evidence for your point of view

3.  Take your best shot at identifying this specimen, give reasons for your conclusion.
2 marks - you are spot on!  or, if it is inconclusive, you give your best evidence for what it might be
1 mark- you are making a pretty good guess and you provide some evidence



Some useful information:

Dichotomous key for rodents
 Dichotomous Key for Mammals in the USA
Mammals of Alaska
The following quote is from
https://www.earthlife.net/mammals/teeth.html

"Teeth in mammals come in four different sorts: Incisors, Canines, Premolars and Molars. Not all mammals have all, or even any of them and the roles any particular sort of teeth play in an animal's life can be quite diverse. The arrangement of teeth in any given mammals mouth can be expressed as a 'dental formula'. This formula gives the arrangement of one side of an animal's jaw such that incisors are always written first then canines then premolars and then molars.

For humans 2123-2123 is upper and lower jaws respectively signifying 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 3 molars on each side in both the upper and lower jaw.

In total this adds up to 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars and 12 molars = 32 teeth in humans. Other mammals have different numbers of each sort of teeth in their upper and lower jaws. Hence Smoky Bats (family Furipteridae) have the dental formula 2123-3133 whilst Hyenas have 3141-3131 normally.

Incisors = Cutting teeth - these are the front most teeth in the jaw primarily used for the initial biting of food. They have a straight, sharp cutting edge and one root. In many Rodents they grow continually throughout the animals life, this is because they get warn down gnawing through things.

Canines = Stabbing teeth - normally only 2 pairs (one each side) per jaw. They have a sharp, pointed edge and are used with the incisors to bite into food and or to kill prey. Like incisors they have one root. The tusks of many animals such as elephants are modified canines. They are missing in rodents and most large herbivores (Perissodactyls and Artiodactyls). The gap where the canines would have been is often enlarged and is called a 'diastema'.

Premolars = Next back from the canines. They are generally similar to molars in form and function in both herbivores and omnivores, but in carnivores some of them at least are slimmer and are used to cut flesh. When they (the first lower premolar and last upper premolar) are modified like this they are called the carnassials. Otherwise premolars are teeth we use to crush and grind our food. Their upper surfaces have a broad, lumpy top instead of a sharp biting edge. These small irregular lumps are called cusps. Premolars are called bicuspids in some books, this is because, in most cases, they have two cusps. The prefix bi meaning two. The first upper premolars normally have two roots. The other premolars have one root.

Molars = These are larger than premolars and extremely variable depending on the animal's diet. Like premolars they are used for crushing and grinding food, and like premolars their upper surfaces have ridges called cusps on them. Molars normally have three to five cusps and two or three roots. In humans we call the third molars, those closest to the back of the mouth 'Wisdom Teeth'. If the jaw bone is not large enough to accommodate all the teeth in it, as sometimes happens with humans, these wisdom teeth can become painfully wedged between the back of the jaw bone and the 2nd molars. This condition is known as 'impacted wisdom teeth'."

Example:  Domestic Cat

Reading a Scientific Study

 Read this article  on Mitochondrial function in older adults doing HIIT 

Summarize this article in a cartoon, or a mind map with the main points of this story.  

Points 

30 points. :  Make a powerpoint, a digital mind map or a cartoon

27-30.   Brilliant work. you tell this story as a very creative  power point or cartoon which uses ink and colour and it is exceptionally done with expression and humour . you include all the points 

24-26- Excellent work.  you tell this story as an excellent power point or cartoon or mind map done in colour and it is done very well. 

15-23 - Very good work. You tell this story in a powerpoint or cartoon or mind map and you take care to do it.  

0-15 - This is a good start but it is not complete 

Classification and Taxonomy Activity

 Read these notes on classification

Answer these questions 

1.  What is classification?  Who invented it?
2. Explain the term binomial nomenclature
3.  What are the taxons of life, in order of largest to smallest?
4.  Define species.
5.  Cell respiration is a universal energy equation.  Where does it happen?  Write the equation.
6.  What is ATP, ADP.  Give an analogy for how this works
7.  Define Heterotroph and Autotroph
8.   What is the definition of
a. Animal
b. plant
c. Fungus
d. Protozoa
e. Monera

TAXONOMY EXERCISE 

There are 10 specimens around the class. Examine each specimen.

1. Draw or photograph the specimen

2. Make observations on colour, texture, etc...

3.  What taxons do you think this specimen belongs to? What *body part* if it is a part of an organism? What is your evidence? 

4. Classify your specimen.

27-30. You did an exceptional job and you completed all the questions and you made careful drawings of each specimen.  You draw in ink and colour.  Your observations are excellent and this work exceeds expectations. Excellent evidence

22-26 you did an excellent job  you draw in ink and colour.  Your photographs are very good . Your observations are excellent

17-20 You did a good job of completing the questions . Your photographs are good.  You made observations 

<15. You have a good start but you did not finish your work.  

Eukaryote vs Prokaryote

 Read this. These are notes

Review of the Cell:  Life, Death and Self Destruct Sequences

And watch this intro video on Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

This video is an intro to some of the similarities and differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It is meant to accompany our class notes.

Vocabulary words and ideas in the video:

Eukaryote Prokaryote DNA nuclear membrane protozoan multicellular organisms unicellular organisms cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, RNA, ribosome, protein, endoplasmic reticulum vacuole mitochondria Plant cell chloroplast cell wall made of cellulose cell wall made of peptidoglycan Bacteria in the environment and the gut

EvsP assignment :

 A ONE PAGE SUMMARY OF THE NOTES AND ARTICLE 

(included in page 6 of  Review of the Cell:  Life, Death and Self Destruct Sequences

"Why does programmed cell death, or apoptosis, occur? Does it take place among bacteria and fungi or only in the cells of higher organisms?"  

Draw a POSTER or DRAW A CARTOON or  write A POEM or  compose A PHOTO ESSAY with key words which summarize the main points of this article. 

evaluation: 20 points

EVALUATION CRITERIA BELOW for the CREATIVE ASSIGNMENTS

Creative response to the practice questions and exercises: out of 20 

17-20     You created an outstanding creative response, for example: a inked and coloured cartoon            summary or poster of the completed questions or a rap song or a poem or propose your   own  creative response. including all the vocab words or a video any creative manner to  show you understand the concepts. You included all the words and concepts and it is brilliant  

14-16.   You created an impressive and amazing creative response. It is an inked and coloured cartoon or a song or a video. It needs finishing touches and you included all the words and concepts. It is really good. 

10-13.  You did a really good start, this is creative! and your cartoon, or rap or video needs some finishing touches to truly complete it. You included most words and concepts, you need to include a few more

 0-10. You started this project and it looks promising! You need to spend some time on it to make it complete

Intro to Biology 11

 Welcome to  Life Sciences (Biology) 11 

This course is a field course which will cover all the major phyla of life.  It is expected that you will receive most of your course content on line and we will do labs and field study in class.  You will hand in ALL assignments through Microsoft Teams.  Below are your first week of assignments.  

ASSIGNMENT 1. HAND IN YOUR CONSENT FORM  /5. It will give us the ability to walk to Trout Lake or Renfrew Ravine at any time that I announce during the term.   Bring this consent form to class.

evaluation:  5 points for handing this in

in class  activity DEAD OR ALIVE

For your first assignment, I would like you to go outside and find the following objects  Photograph them or draw them and write about them in a little paragraph of no more than a third of a page.  You may answer in the form of a type written response under your photo, OR you may write it out in hand writing and draw your answers. 

1.  Find something dead.  How do you know it is dead? 

2.  find something alive.  What is it about this object that makes it alive?

3.  Find something that has never, ever been alive.  What characteristics does this object have that tells you that it is neither dead nor alive. It is nonliving.

4. Find something that is not alive, but an important PART of something alive.  Explain your answer

5. Look at your responses and ask yourself:  What is the criteria of being alive?